Colposcope in a medical examination room

Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) and Early Cervical Cancer

Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia, or CIN, is a term used to describe abnormal changes in the cells on the surface of the cervix. These changes are caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). CIN is considered a pre-cancerous condition, meaning that without treatment, it could potentially progress to cervical cancer.

What is CIN?

CIN is graded on a scale from 1 to 3, depending on how abnormal the cells look under the microscope:

  • CIN 1: Mild changes that often resolve without treatment
  • CIN 2: Moderate abnormalities that usually require treatment
  • CIN 3: Severe abnormalities, the highest grade before invasive cancer

How Is CIN Detected?

CIN is typically detected through cervical screening (smear tests). If an abnormal smear is found, a colposcopy is performed to closely examine the cervix using a special microscope. During colposcopy, biopsies may be taken to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment Options

Treatment aims to remove the abnormal cells and prevent progression to cancer. Common treatments include:

  • LLETZ (Large Loop Excision of the Transformation Zone): The most common procedure, removing abnormal tissue with a heated wire loop
  • Cold knife cone biopsy: A surgical procedure removing a cone-shaped piece of cervix under general anaesthesia
  • Ablative treatments: Less commonly used but may be appropriate in select cases

What to Expect

Most treatments are performed as day procedures with minimal discomfort. Fertility is usually preserved, but follow-up is essential to ensure the abnormal cells have been fully treated.

Early Cervical Cancer

If cancer is detected at an early stage, treatment options are more effective and less invasive. Regular screening and prompt treatment of CIN dramatically reduce the risk of invasive cervical cancer.

Dr Sam Holford

Why Choose Specialist Care?

As a C-QuIP certified specialist, I provide evidence-based, compassionate care and work closely with the wider cancer care team to ensure the best outcomes.

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FAQs

What causes abnormal cervical changes (CIN)?
CIN is caused by a persistent infection with high-risk types of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Most HPV infections clear up on their own, but some can cause cell changes that need to be monitored or treated.
Does having CIN mean I have cancer?
No. CIN is a pre-cancerous condition, not cancer. It means there are abnormal cells that, if left untreated over many years, could potentially develop into cancer. The goal of treatment is to remove these cells before that happens.
What is a colposcopy and is it painful?
A colposcopy is a detailed examination of your cervix using a special microscope. It feels similar to having a smear test. If a small tissue sample (biopsy) is taken, you might feel a brief, sharp pinch, but it is generally well-tolerated.
Will treatment for CIN affect my ability to have children?
For most people, treatments like LLETZ have little to no impact on fertility or future pregnancies. There is a very small increased risk of preterm birth in subsequent pregnancies, which we can discuss in detail.

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Please note: This information is general in nature and not a substitute for medical advice tailored to your specific situation.